Y110 L Oxygen Permeability Analyzer - Coulometric Sensor Method

This product is based on the test principle of the Coulomb oxygen analysis sensor and is designed and manufactured with reference to the ASTM D 3985 standard. It is used to determine the oxygen transmission rate (quantity) of film or sheet materials.

This product is based on the testing principle of the coulometric sensor method testing Oxygen, and is designed and manufactured with reference to ASTM D3985 and other standards. Adopting high-precision imported oxygen sensor, high test accuracy,it is suitable for oxygen transmission performance testing of films, sheets, paper, packaging and related materials in the fields of food, medicine, medical equipment, daily chemicals, photovoltaic electronics, etc., and provides a wide range and high-efficiency oxygen transmission rate detection for high, medium and low oxygen barrier materials.

Introduction This product is designed and manufactured based on the coulometric sensor method and conforms to GB/T 19789、ASTM D3985.This instrument can be used to measure the oxygen transmission rate of barrier materials with high and medium barrier properties with high accuracy and high efficiency.Y310Lis applicable to the determination of oxygen permeability of plastic films, sheeting, paper, and other packaging materials used in food, pharmaceutical, medical apparatus, consumer products, photovoltaic and electronic industries, etc.

  1.Profile Xenon lamp aging test chamber simulates the full spectrum lamp with Xenon arc lamp to reappear the destructive wave. It serves for the environmental simulation and accelerated test for research and development, product development and quality control. Besides, the chamber also applies to the choice of new material, weathering test after composition of material and improvement for the current material. It simulate different environment, and show the material changes under the explosion of sunlight.   The chamber meets the standard: GB/T16585-1996 , GB14522-93 , GB/T16422.3-97, ASTM D2565 and so on. The Chamber is to determine the color fastness, aging resistance of textiles, plastics, coatings, rubber products or other materials by objecting to the simulated conditions of nature weather (sun, rain, temperature and humidity, etc.).     Technical parameters   2.Material of construction u Full spectrum lamp u Optional filter system u Water spraying function u Humidity control u Temp. control system in the chamber u Sample fixed hold of irregular shape u USA imported xenon arc lamp u Easy installation and operation, seldom daily maintainance. u Service life time deepens on the irradiance level, usually 1600hrs. It’s easy to replace the lamp, with filter of long service life time to ensure the necessary spectrum. 3.Technical parameters Model No., equipment name GB-OXD-15P Xenon aging test chamber Interior sizes   W500×D500×H600mm  Exterior sizes W1050×D1050×H1750mm (or so) Temperature range 0℃～80℃ Controller imported programmable 7inch touch screen Machine components material inner and outer 304# stainless steel Sample holder Aluminum alloy frame base Protection device residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) to control the warning for loop overload, thermal protection and water shortage protection. Temp. deflection ±2℃  (without lighting) Humidity range 30％～98％R.H Humid. deflection ±2.5%R.H(Humid.≥75%R.H); ±3%R.H(Humid.≤75%R.H) without lighting Light source imported full spectrum xenon arc lamp(average useful life 1600hrs) Raining time 1～9999min (adjustable) Raining period 1～240min, interval（cut）adjustable lamp power Test period for Temp., irradiation, condensation, spray can be adjustable Lamp 1.8KW Wave length range 290-800nm heating power (or so) 4.0KW humidification (or so) 2.0KW Light irradiance 1200w/m2 Distance between arc center and sample holder: 350～380mm Revolving speed of sample holder ≥1r/min  water spray period a. spray time: 0～99h59min (Continuing or adjustable) b. stop time: 0～99h59min, (Continuing or adjustable)   lighting time Continuing programming control available black panel temp. 85±3℃ cooling method Mechanical wind cooling; Room temp. less than 26℃ is recommend, relative humid: ≤85%R.H; humid. and temp. tested after 2 hours under idle condition. 4.Temperature & humidity running control system controller imported programmable 7inch touch screen precision range set precision: temp. ±0.1℃, humid: ±2％R.H, indicated precision: temp.±0.1℃,humid.: ±1％R.H temp. & humid. sensor Platinum Resistance(PT100Ω/MV) black panel temp. double-metal black panel temp. thermometer water-supplying system auto-control humidication water-supplying, Xenon arc lamp with cycling cooling water circulation system low noise heat-resistance conditioning motor, multi-blade centrifugal wind wheel control system mainly consists of operation panel, central controller, kinds of key-pressing sw., status indicating lamp, excution electric device etc.. 5.Structure section of machine body The chamber consists of several section: chamber body, control system, refrigeration system, heating system, humidation system, wind system, raining system, lighting system and so on. Chamber body a. With integrated structure, the chamber consists of up left part as working room, up right part as electric controller which is convenient to control, down part as compressor cooling group, sample holder rotation device, Xenon lamp condensation water box, water pump and other executive devices. b. Inner wall of chamber adopts international SUS304# material. c. Temp. insulation material is polyurethane foam and ultra-fine fibre glass, with good temp. insulation result, no frost and condensation on the external surface of chamber. d. condensate water outfall set at the bottom of chamber e. Environmental heat-resistance silicon sealing tape as the material of door frame. f. Viewing window with eye-protective film on its surface to protect eyes from being injured by Xenon lamp. external chamber body a. Seal of door adopts the double-layer of refined silicone rubber with reliable sealing effect and no aging or hardening phenomenon under high or low temperature. b. Single door (embedded handle); c. Viewing window, antifrost device and lamp equipped on the door viewing window Size：25 cm W × 30 cm H；equipped with Anti-radiation hollow glass 6.Electric control section of chamber a. As the core part of chamber b. Air pressure switch as the main switch to control the main circuit; c. Safety measures for electric section: it warns and cut electricity automatically after tested the action from following protection devices: a) overheat protection in working room b) lockage of phase, leakage protection c) overcurrent protection of motor d) overpressure/overload protection of cooling machine e) short out/overload protection of heater, humidifer f) fusing protection of fuse 7.Working section of chamber Condensation section of compressor. a.Cooling system: as the core part of cooling system, we adopt one set of compressor of Tecumseh from France in this case to ensure the cooling requirement in the working room. b.For adjustment technology and design of cooling system, we take an efficiency processing way to ensure the adjustment for the cooling amount and consumption of cooling system under the normal running, to make the failure rate down to the economical statue. c.Cooling evaporator: it locates in interlayer at one side of chamber which ventilate by force from blast motor to exchange heat fast. d.Cooling method of cooling system: forced air cooling Cooling refrigerant：Environmental R404a； Heating system a. Heating method: heating directly in the chamber; b. Military level stainless steel heating tube used, with fast and stable heating to keep temperature in the working room from rapid change. It with corrosion resistance, anti-high-low temperature, no leakage and other advantages. c. With SSR (solid relay)output control, without noise, reliable working, long service life time, fast switching, low interference from outside, and easy operation etc.. Rain system.   it consists of nozzle, solenoid valve, water-supplying and connecting pipe. Lighting system. It consists of xenon lamp, lamp cover, lamp contactor and other controlling parts. Energy compensation is got by adjusting samples distance, pressure and current. Wind system  It locates in the interlayer at the back of chamber, there are heater, fan blade, evaporator, PT100 temperature samples sensor etc.. when wind machine running, the air is intaken to the channel from working room, and blow out from the bottom after cooled; the air exchanged in the working room with samples is intaken again to the channel and mix; after several circulation, it will reach the purposed temperature, and ensure the high index of temp. and humid in the chamber at the same time. Cooling dehumidification system take the compressor of world brand Tecumseh from France to keep constant temperature, decrease the humidity in the working room and cool the xenon lamp. Humidification Steam generator: to generate steam from water Water level control: control the water inlet by solenoid valve, and water level by liquid level switch to provide the signal for water-supply and warning. Air circulation section Cycling channel and winding machine inside the chamber, it uses the high efficiency cooling machine and energy adjusting system, efficiency heat exchange to reach the aim of temperature change, which also improves the airflow and heat exchange between airflow, heating and humidification, as a result, it improves the humidity uniformity in the working room. 8. Enclosured files: operation manual, warranty card 9. Machine running requirements Temp. 5℃~+32℃ Humidity ≤85% Power supply AC220（±10%）V/50HZ    10. Core components parts Remark: replacement of some small parts of the same quality is possible because of material shortage.    

Application W301 2.0 water vapor permeability analyzer is designed to test the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of films or sheets materials with the principle of Gravimetric Method.

    W201 2.0 Water Vapor Transmission Rate Tester Product Introduction This product is developed, designed and manufactured based on the electrolytic test principle, in accordance with GB/T 21529, ISO15106-3 and other standards. It is used to test the water vapor transmission rate of samples under set temperature and humidity conditions. Suitable for water vapor transmission performance testing of high-barrier materials used in LCD display devices, solar cells, chip packaging, pharmaceuticals, food and other fields. Get a Free Quote Today   Test Principle W201 2.0 Water Vapor Transmission Rate Tester adopts the electrolytic method principle. The pre-processed sample is fixed in the middle of the test chamber, dividing the chamber into high-humidity and low-humidity sides. Humidified nitrogen flows on one side of the film, and dry nitrogen (carrier gas) flows at a fixed rate on the other side. Due to the humidity gradient, water vapor permeates from the high-humidity side to the low-humidity side. The water vapor passing through the sample is carried by the flowing dry nitrogen to the electrolytic sensor, and parameters such as the water vapor transmission rate of the sample are obtained through the electrical signal output by the sensor. Electrolytic Method Working Principle Diagram:             Executive Standards 2025 Edition Chinese Pharmacopoeia <4010 Determination Method of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials>, GB/T 21529-2008, ISO15106-3, DIN 53122-2, YBB00092003-2015, ASTM F3299, JIS K7129-3   Technical Parameters Test Range 0.001~40g/(m²·24h) (Film & Sheet) Resolution 0.0001g/(m²·24h) (Film & Sheet) Temp. Control Range 15～45℃ Temp. Control Accuracy ±0.1℃ Humidity Control Range (5～90)%RH Humidity Control Accuracy ±1%RH Permeation Area 50.24 cm² Sample Size Φ100 mm Sample Thickness ≤3 mm Test Quantity 1 piece Carrier Gas 99.999% Nitrogen (User Provided) Carrier Pressure ≥0.1 MPa Carrier Flow 0~100 mL/min Gas Interface 1/8 inch Metal Tube Dimensions 380×620×385mm Weight 25kg Power 450 W Power Supply AC 220 V, 50 Hz   Product Features Core Technology & Upgraded Operation: High sensitivity, precision and stability of the sensor, capable of testing high-barrier materials in electronics, photovoltaic, solar, display and other fields. Brand new pneumatic control system, automatic fixture locks sample with one key, convenient and labor-saving, with excellent sealing performance. Precise Temperature & Humidity Control: Temperature: Bi-directional automatic control via semiconductor cooling plate, accuracy ±0.1℃. Humidity: Dual-airflow (dry & wet) humidity control method, stable and high precision, accuracy ±1%RH. Strong Expandability: With optional accessories, it can test water vapor transmission rate of packages and containers. Excellent Appearance & Real-time Visual Curve: Built-in 11.6-inch high-resolution color touch screen, clear view, sensitive touch. Fully automatic operation, one-key test, automatic judgment and shutdown. Real-time display of 5 groups of curves (permeation rate-time, temp-time, humidity-time, concentration-time), with preview/hide function. Intelligent OS & Global Certification: Self-developed intelligent OS, modular interface, flexible parameter setting. Designed in accordance with GMP Computerized System, with audit trail and multi-level user authority, meeting pharmaceutical industry data traceability requirements. Customizable test reports, multiple data output formats, electronic signature and online report approval. Professional Calibration & Reliable Data: Our company possesses the National Standard Material Classification Certificate for water vapor transmission rate approved by the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (GBW(E)130543 / GBW(E)130544). Self-developed national standard materials are used for instrument calibration, ensuring accurate, universal and authoritative test data.   Application Fields Packages & Containers Custom fixtures for pharmaceutical BFS, ointment tubes, infusion tubes. Chip Packaging Materials FR-4, BT resin, PI, ABF film, Al₂O₃ ceramic, metal substrate testing. Solar Cell Barrier Materials Solar backsheet, butyl rubber, ALD Al₂O₃, POE, EVA film testing. Display Field Barrier Materials For LCD high-barrier materials such as epoxy resin film, SiNx passivation film, modified PET Other Materials Ultra-high barrier materials for pharmaceutical, food, daily chemical industries.   Why Choose Us ✓ Professional R&D & Manufacturing We have professional R&D team and complete production line, focusing on physical property testing instruments for more than 20 years, providing reliable and stable testing equipment for global customers. ✓ High Precision & Quality Certification Products comply with international standards, equipped with high-precision sensors and intelligent control system, with national standard material certification and authoritative qualification. ✓ Perfect After-sales & Technical Support Global after-sales service network, timely technical guidance, professional training and lifelong maintenance services to ensure worry-free use. Guangzhou GBPI Packaging Equipment Co., Ltd. | Professional Testing Instrument Manufacturer  

  GF-2200Z Two-Station Rotary Tube Sealing Machine Product Introduction The fully automatic two-station rotary tube sealing machine is specially designed for automatic tube sleeving and heat sealing of straws and bags. It is applicable to straws of various calibers, lengths and models. It is the preferred automatic equipment for spout stand-up bags such as beverage packaging, suckable jelly, condiments and daily chemical products (laundry detergent, skin care products). It can be customized to connect with filling production lines for integrated operation. Technical Parameters Overall Dimension 2900mm x 2400mm x 2000mm (L × W × H) Sealing Type Stand-up bag, three-side sealed bag, gusset bag, special-shaped bag (customized) Material Type Bag: Inner PE, Inner PP materialTube: PE, PP material Product Specification Bag Length: 100~180mm, Width: 70~120mm, Sealing Length: 60~120mmStraw Caliber: 8.5mm (other sizes customizable) Working Speed 80-90 pcs/min (varies with different materials and bag sizes) Positioning Accuracy ≤±0.5 mm Sealing Cutter Group 6 groups in total: 1 preheating group, 4 heat sealing groups, 1 cooling group Temperature Control Module 2 sets (12-channel module), accuracy ±0.1℃ Heating Temperature Room Temperature ~ 300℃ Power Supply 380V/50Hz, 13KW Air Source 0.6~0.8MPa, 11L/min Equipment Weight 2000Kg Product Features The tube sealing machine adopts two-station design, with fully automatic operation of preheating, bag separating, tube loading and heat sealing processes; Sealed products are automatically sent to the transition machine, convenient for connecting and docking with subsequent production equipment; Adopts PLC control and intelligent parameter setting; parameters can be quickly configured according to different bag types and straws, easy operation; Equipped with imported temperature control modules and pneumatic components such as SMC, Festo and Airtac with stable and reliable quality; Adopts step-by-step heating and final cooling sealing process design to achieve perfect sealing performance; Automatic fault detection, alarm, shutdown, diagnosis and real-time fault location display; Light overall weight, small floor occupation and stable long-term operation performance; Main components are made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel, complying with food and pharmaceutical GMP environmental hygiene standards. System Composition The machine adopts dual-station structure, consisting of bag feeding system, tube feeding system, heat sealing system, bag dropping system, rejecting mechanism, transition machine, control system and machine base; The bag feeding system includes bag placing & positioning mechanism, bag picking mechanism and bag sleeving mechanism; the bag picking mechanism takes out finished bags one by one, and the bag sleeving mechanism loads bags into the bag holder and sleeves onto the straw; The tube feeding system is composed of vibration plate and transition trough mechanism; automatic detection and start-stop control during feeding process; The heat sealing system includes preheating, heat sealing and cooling, including 1 set of preheating cutter, 4 sets of heat sealing cutters and 1 set of cooling cutter; customized sealing and cooling cutters are available to adapt to straws of different specifications; Each group of sealing cutters supports independent temperature control, separate temperature setting and independent operation debugging; The bag collecting system consists of discharging mechanism and trough changing mechanism; sealed bags are discharged to the middle position, then pushed into the material trough; empty trough replacement is automatic when full; The operation interface real-time displays working status, including production speed, finished product quantity, shift output, date and temperature parameters. Application Fields Jelly Spout Bag Soymilk Spout Bag Care Products Bag Puree Bag Special-shaped Spout Bag Foldable Outdoor Water Bag

Product Introduction This professional machine is designed for automatic tube insertion and heat-sealing of straws and bags. It is suitable for straws of various diameters, lengths, and models, making it the preferred automated equipment for packaging bags such as laundry detergent spout side bags, beverage/juice spout bags, oil/grease spout bags, and inclined-mouth outdoor foldable water bags. It can be customized to connect with filling production lines.

The Inclined Impact tester is simulated the impact strength of packaging in the real circumstance of transport such as handling, stacking of shelves, sliding, loading , transportation of products. This product is also can supply as the test machine to scientific research institution, college, packaging technique test centre, packaging material manufacture and foreign trade or transport department.

Product introduction GHH universal material testing machine is theGuangzhou international r&d team based on GB, JIS, ASTM, DIN and other standards and market demand to upgrade the mechanical properties of new testing machine, suitable for all kinds of metal, non-metallic materials tensile, stripping, heat sealing, tearing, piercing, compression, bending and shear test, and then calculate the material parameters such as fracture strength, elastic modulus, It can also be used in the medical industry of syringe piston sliding, body tightness test verification. GHH universal material testing machine has a flexible interface and control mode, can do stretching, peeling, and other tests, speed, thickness, clamping distance multi-parameter variable setting; The measuring accuracy can reach 0.5 level; The whole process is controlled by computer, open data structure; The core adopts imported parts, loaded with high-precision ball screw; Control measurement unit, can choose the built-in or external type, with perfect limit protection, overload protection, emergency stop and other safety protection functions. GHH universal material testing machine is suitable for plastic sheet, pipe, profile, plastic film and rubber, wire and cable, steel, glass fiber and other materials of all kinds of physical and mechanical properties test for material development, is the physical property test, teaching research, quality control and other indispensable testing equipment.   Test principle Will be clamped specimen in tensile machine fixture between two chuck, two clip do relative movement, through strength sensor and the machine is located in the moving clamp head built-in displacement sensor, collected test force value change and displacement in theprocess of change, to calculate the sample drawing (tensile strength, elongation at break and the elastic modulus of performance indicators, etc.   Standard JJG 139, ASTM D828,ASTM E4, ASTM D882,ASTM D1938,ASTM D3330,ASTM F904,JIS P8113   Specification   Item  Technical Parameters Measuring Force Range 0～3000 N (Multiple groups of sensors within 20000 N are available for selection) Measuring Force Accuracy Within ±0.5 %FS Test Speed 0~500 mm/min (Stepless speed change) Speed Accuracy Within ±1% of the indicated value Displacement Measurement Accuracy Within ±0.5% of the indicated value Effective Test Stroke 1000 mm Elongation 1100% Effective Test Width 30 mm Force Value Resolution 0.001 N Displacement Resolution 0.001 mm Specification Dimensions L×W×H: 750 mm×500 mm×1800 mm Weight 150 kg Power 600 W Power Supply AC 220 V, 50 Hz Application     Plastic film It is suitable for tensile,  peeling,  heat sealing,  tearing,  puncturing,  compression,  bending and other performance tests of plastic films,  composite materials,  flexible packaging materials,  tapes and other products. Composite film bag It is suitable for tensile,  peeling,  heat sealing,  tearing,  puncture,  compression,  bending and other performance tests of composite films,  co-extruded films,  composite bags,  retort bags,  aluminum-plastic composite bags and other products. Paper It is suitable for tensile strength,  peeling,  deformation,  tearing,  heat sealing,  bonding and other performance tests of paper,  kraft paper,  facial tissue,  toilet paper and other products. Medical Patches It is suitable for tensile strength,  peeling,  deformation,  tearing,  heat sealing,  bonding and other performance tests of medical cold compress,  plaster and other products. Pressure Sensitive Tapes It is suitable for tensile strength,  peeling,  deformation,  tearing,  heat sealing,  bonding and other performance tests of cellophane tape,  electrical insulating tape,  medical zinc oxide adhesive tape and other products.   Features Flexibility and variety of control Supports stretching, peeling, heat sealing, tearing, puncture, compression, bending, shear and other tests, speed, thickness, clamping distance variable parameters set, optional pneumatic fixture, suitable for a variety of fixtures.   High measurement accuracy The test measurement accuracy can reach 0.5 level, high sampling rate (100 times/second), wide speed range, can adapt to high and low speed test, make the test data more accurate.   Imported core components, safe and reliable operation  Using high-precision ball screw loading, the loading is stable, the testing machine has a long life, good long-term stability and energy saving;  A plurality of load/deformation measurement subchannels are proposed, which support multiple sensor expansion measurement. A fully digital control system with imported AC servo system and motor can control the displacement zero flutters.   It has improved safety protection functions such as limit protection, overload protection, emergency stop, etc.  Double column table structure, good rigidity, control measurement unit can choose built-in type (simple appearance, save space) and external type (easy to upgrade, maintenance and separate from the microcomputer operation).   Intelligent operating system  According to the computer system design of the new version of GMP appendix, the test process parameters are flexibly set, and the function of audit tracing (test tracing, log tracing) is provided, which meets the requirements of data traceability and ensures the security and integrity of the test data. You can set different levels of system operation rights.  Intelligent Statistical analysis, support multiple data standard deviation analysis. At the same time, the system can be expanded, such as access to laboratory LIMS system.  Personalized test reports are set on demand to support multiple formats of data output.  Independent test can be separated from the computer, data can be processed automatically, and a built-in micro-printer can print data in real time. The instrument is equipped with computer interface, can also be connected to the computer online detection.   Laboratory intelligentIoT platform It can be connected to the Internet of Things platform to realize digital network management:  Remote login to theIoT platform can be performed by directly accessing the software interface of the instrument.  All experimental data can be viewed anywhere by simply logging in to the platform;  Unified management of experimental data of all instruments in the interface of things platform can be achieved.  A complete laboratory management process can be realized;  One-click application for after-sales service, and one-click application for relevant accessories; After-sales staff can provide remote after-sales service through the system. There is a complete after-sales record on the platform, which is convenient for after-sales staff to provide high-quality online service;  Customers may download the required instrument materials, documents and operation videos on the platform by themselves.      

1 Function Ozone in the atmosphere is very little, while it’s a major factor in rubber cracking, the product simulate and enhance atmospheric ozone condition to study the role of ozone on the rubber, and to rapid identificate and evaluate rubber resistance for ozone aging and anti-ozone agent protection. According to“GB / T7762-2003 Test Method for Static Tensile Test of Ozone Resistance Cured Rubber or Thermoplastic Rubber”,“GB / T2951.21-2008 General Test Method for Insulation and Sheathing Material of Cable”,“GB / T 11206-2009 Rubber Aging test surface cracking method”, and other relevant standards of the test method. 2.1 Structure  All-in-one machine 2.2 Material a) Inner chamber: SUS304 stainless steel plate b) External chamber: SUS304 stainless steel plate or baking finish. Insulation: rigid polyurethane foam + aluminum insulation cotton with double protection. 2.3 Machine door a) Single door, open from left. b) Window frame / door frame with two silicone rubber seal and anti-condensation heating device. c)With observation window (W220xH250mm), lights above the window and door.  2.4 Requirements for sample holder (for dynamic-type only)       a)At both ends of the sample to be fixed with a clamp under the required elongation, the longitudinal direction of the specimen shall be substantially parallel to the direction of air flow when in contact with ozonized air. b) Clamps shall be made of a material (eg aluminum) which does not readily decompose ozone. c) Allow the sample to rotate at a speed between (20 ^ -25) mm / s, in a plane perpendicular to the dry gas flow, with each sample moving continuously along the same path. d) The time of one revolution of the same specimen is (8 ^ -12) min. The scanning area of the specimen shall be at least 40% of the effective area of the test chamber. Specimen preparation shall conform to the provisions of GB / T 9865.1. The test specimen is preferably cut from the new test piece and, if desired, may be cut from the finished product. At least 3 specimens shall be required for per test condition. The standard length of the specimen is not less than 10mm, and thickness not less than 0.2mm. The length of specimen between the two ends of the clamp before drawing is not less than 40mm. 3 Control panel a) Controller display b) Power switch c) Fault alarm d)Wavelength switch e)light switch button 4 Enclosure configuration a) With a stainless steel SUS # 304 shelf turntable b) One φ50mm lead hole:, and with a hole cover and silicone rubber plug. c) Move casters 4 pcs d) Horizontal mounting brackets 4 pcs e) There is a drainage hole in the back of the machine to facilitate the drainage of condensate; (8mm in diameter) Three-phase five-wire cable (four-core cable + protective grounding wire) 1 pc, (three meters long).

Heat Seal Tester is to test the temperature, pressure, and time for heat sealing of various film materials.